Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 646  Hana Třísková   be wrongly inserted before the second syllabic peak ( gua  * [ku.wa] , xue  * [ɕy.ɥe] ). The situation is analogous in the finals comprising the triphthongs / uai / , / uei / ( guai  * [ku.waɪ] ). • In the finals comprising the falling diphthongs / ai /, / ei /, / au /, / ou / , the terminals / i /, / u / may be mispronounced as [i] (or even [j] ) and [u] respectively (instead of [ɪ] , [ʊ]); a second syllabic peak may emerge ( mai  * [maj] , * [ma.ji] ). The terminal / u / is mispronounced as [u] less frequently — thanks to Pīnyīn orthography “o” (/ mau / = mao ). Yet the danger of an emergence of an extra syllabic peak is here, too ( mao  * [ma.o] ). The situation is analogous in the finals comprising the triphthongs / uai / , / uei / ( guai  * [kwaj] ). The mistakes described above are typical for students whose native lan- guages do not have (or hardly have) any diphthongs. Czech students can serve as an example. • In the finals comprising a simple vowel followed by a nasal termi- nal / an /, / en /, / ang /, / ing / etc., the terminals may be wrongly pro- nounced with an audible release ( gan  * [kan] instead of [kan ̚ ] , bang  * [paŋk] instead of [paŋ ̚ ] ). Again, both these mispronuncia- tions are typical for Czech students. Another frequent shortcoming is the consistent pronouncing of the terminal / n / in an overly “perfect” manner (i. e. with a complete closure at the alveolar ridge), which may sound unnatural. The situation is analogous in the finals with a medial added: / ian /, / uang / etc. ( guang  * [kwaŋk] ). • In the finals comprising VX, the assimilations of a low vowel / a / (and less importantly of a vowel / e / ) to the back terminals / u /, / ng / may be neglected ( bang  * [paŋ] instead of [pɑŋ] , bao = / bau /  * [paʊ] instead of [pɑʊ] , guang  * [kwaŋ] instead of [kwɑŋ] ). In classroom teaching one can frequently observe that several types of structural errors occur concomitantly within a single syllable. For instance: guang may be sounded as * [ku.waŋk] instead of [kwɑŋ] The errors are as follows: In a nasal final / uang / the medial / u / is mispro- nounced as [u] , which results in the emergence of an extra syllabic peak; an approximant [w] is wrongly inserted; furthermore, the main vowel / a / is mis- pronounced as a front [a] , neglecting the due assimilation to the back nasal terminal; finally a terminal / ng / is mispronounced as [ŋk] . It is obvious, therefore, that a sweeping majority of the syllables con- tained in the Mandarin syllabary is at risk of being mispronounced in the sense of the structural errors described above (the cases to be left aside, such