Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 632  Hana Třísková   discussed in [Třísková 2010: 212, 334]. Note that Duanmu’s phonological analysis of the phonotactics of the Mandarin syllable [Duanmu 2002: 51], which is principally different from our approach, leads him to the following conclusion: “ A puzzling fact about Standard Chinese is that the majority of expected syllables are missing ” . Our analysis, though, which strictly respects specific inventories of segments for each of the four positions, does not by any means draw the same conclusion [Třísková 2010: 215, 229]. The phonetic features of C, G, V, X: different phonemes in the same position Each of the components C, G, V, X displays certain phonetic features shared by all segments occurring in this particular position. In other words, all C components share certain phonetic features, and the same holds for all G components, all V components and all X components (regardless of the differences in their consonantal or vocalic status). We shall now illustrate that two different phonemes may indeed share certain phonetic properties, if they occur in the same position. Let us examine two front terminals: a vocalic terminal / i / , as in ka i , and a consonantal nasal terminal / n / , as in ka n . They have quite a lot in common, regardless of the fact that phonologically / i / is a vowel, while / n / is a consonant: • A vocalic terminal / i / (as in kā i 开 “to open”) is realized in the follo- wing way: it is rather lax, not reaching the articulatory target of a high vowel [i] : it is more or less centralized, hence it should be transcribed as [ɪ] , or [ɪ̯] . In some situations it may even have the character of [e] (e. g. kai is sometimes pronounced not as [k h aɪ] , but as [k h ae] ). It can even disappear completely in fast casual speech if a syllable is unstressed: e. g. a diphthong / ai / in d k i 打开 can be realized as a monophthong. The syllable as a whole can be lengthened if it bears stress, / i / receiving a due amount of time. • A nasal terminal / n / [n] (as in kā n 刊 “publication”) is also realized in a rather lax way; a closure is very often incomplete in spontaneous speech, i. e. the tip of the tongue does not touch the alveolar ridge [Ohnesorg and Švarný 1955: 61]. A terminal / n / may even disappear, surfacing as a mere nasalization of the preceding vowel: an  [ã] . For instance k n 刊 may be pronounced as [k h ã]. Even if a closure hap- pens to be complete, it is not followed by an explosion. Apparently, the consonantal character of / n / in the terminal position has been severely eroded [Shi 2004: 218]. Note that a nasal consonant [n] , as well as a