Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 611  Analysis of “full” words in Classical Chinese based on the Book of Laozi   although in the text we did not find such. Similarly, in the text we do not find the adjective 文 w n “be civilised”, but considering the existence of the abstract noun “civilising factor” we expect its presence in the system. Nume­ rous OC lexemes can be treated analogically. The material provided by the text of Laozi is not rich enough to perform a detailed lexicological research of Classical Chinese, but some of the entries are relatively complete and they show illustratively that the method of syn- tactic paradigms combined with the dichotomy of Wortkategorien vs. Rede- theile could be one of the productive tools for determination of the identity of lexemes. In course of postulating which categorial meaning is basic and which ones are secondary, we proceed, as I have already stressed, considering the organicity of the whole system and using various analogies. We are following some easy principles: concrete > abstract, general > specific, primitive > complex, frequent > rare, regular > irregular. Based on these principles, we can list some frequent cases of the secondary meanings of the individual word classes. N > vi “behave like N” N > vi “carry out the function N” or “obtain the function N” N > vi “use N in a way typical for N” N > vi “produce N”„ N > vi “have N” N > vt “use N for an action affecting the noun in the object position” N > vt “use the noun in the object position as N” N > vt “affect the noun in the object position by producing or creating N” N > vt “carry out the function N in respect to the noun in the object posi- tion” N > causative vt “cause that the noun in the object position becomes N” N > putative vt “regard the noun in the object position as N” N > attitudinal vt “treat the noun in the object position as N” N > adj “possess the quality typical for N” N > adv “like N” N > adv “with help of N” N > adv “in the place (time) N” ADJ > n “abstract denomination of the quality ADJ” ADJ > n “carrier of the quality ADJ” ADJ > vi (only in other than general aspect) “behave correspondingly to the quality ADJ” ADJ > causative vt “cause that the noun in the object position has the quality ADJ”