Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 601  Analysis of “full” words in Classical Chinese based on the Book of Laozi   composed of two synonymic expressions, they have either generic or inten- sifying meaning. E. g.: 祭祀 jìsì np “sacrifices of any kind”, “sacrificing” < VPi “perform sacri- fices of any kind” < vi “perform sacrifice of jì- type” + vi “perform sacrifice of sì -type” 子孫以祭祀不輟 “Descendants will thanks to sacrifices not inter- rupt.” (LIV) 悲哀 b i‛ i np “deep grief” < VPi “feel deep grief” < vi “feel grief” + vi “be sad” 殺人之眾，以悲哀泣之 “When killed people are numerous, we weep for them with deep grief.” (XXXI) 3.4. Transitive verbs (Vt, Vtt, VtV, VtS, Vt0, Vtpivot) Category of transitive verbs in Old Chinese was very diverse. Here do belong verbs which due to their semantic nature govern at least two actants: the subject and another actant which is semantically dependent on the verb, in other words, whose presence can be predicted because of the semantic na- ture of the verb. This second actant mostly appears with the verb as its object. Typical transitive verbs are those of active influence on an object, the second actant thus being the logical (direct) object of the verbal action. But here also belong verbs of sensual and mental activity which can govern not only a nominal object but also an object expressed by a predicative construction. Verbs of giving, taking, relocating, reporting and some others can govern two objects: the object referring to the thing which is given, taken, relocated, reported etc. and that of addressee, source, place, etc. Modal verbs demand a verbal object. Another subcategories of transitive verbs are verbs of existence, verbs of identification and so-called causative verbs forming the pivotal construction. With some transitive verbs (concrete- ly with verbs of existence) in reality can be identified only one actant: the ‘element of existence’ which relates to the verb as its syntactic object. Such verbs are marked with the index 0, e. g. Vt0. Prepositional verb (coverb) is the syntactic function of some transitive verbs, when this verb together with its object form a prepositional construc- tion which is in turn governed by another verb. Transitive verbs with active influence on an object can appear in active and passive voice. But for Old Chinese it is useful to distinguish also so- called medium voice, when the meaning is not active, but the subject of such verb is indifferent or irrelevant (cf. English “it has broken” etc.). Medium of OC verbs deserves further investigation. The object of transitive verbs can be omitted under certain circumstances. In most cases such object can be retrieved from the context. The syntactic