Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 552    Christoph Harbsmeier 1.1.2.2. NP=Npr gōng-zǐ Xi o B i 公子小白 DUKE-SON LITTLE BAI “ Prince Xiǎo Bái” *in apposition-coordination with a proper name* 1.1.2.3. Complex proper names NPpr Kǒng-zǐ 孔子曰 : ... CON- FUCIUS SAY: ...“ Confucius said: ...” [Compare the non-referential use in zì y u sh ng mín yǐ l i, wèi y u K ngzǐ y 自有生民以來，未有孔子也 SINCE HAVE LIVE PEOPLE SO-AS-TO COME NEVER EXIST CON- FUCIUS CATEGORISING-PARTICLE/YE “Since the time there have been living people, there has never been a Confucius .” 1.1.2.3.1. NPpr.post-V{NUM} suī y u shí Huáng-dì bù n ng chí ( sic !) y 雖有十黃帝不能治也 EVEN/IF HAVE > EXIST TEN HUANGDI NOT CAN GOVERN “Even if there are ten Yellow Emperors, they cannot govern (it). *counted as “Vossian” proper names* 1.1.2.4. Complex count nouns NPc (abbreviated to NP) dì-zǐ du 弟 子多 DISCIPLE MANY “The disciples are many.” [NB: It is interesting to note that complex nominal expressions (NPs), while countable in principle, are not in fact very commonly counted in classical Chinese.] 1.1.2.4.1. NPc.post-V{NUM} qī shí èr dì-zǐ 七十二弟子 SEVEN TEN TWO DISCIPLE “seventy-two disciples ” *count nouns actually counted* [NB: In most cases countability or “countedness” is of no interest. But there are cases where it matters, as when one wonders whether jūn-zǐ 君子 “gen- tlemen” can or cannot be counted or are actually counted. Our grammatical categories often depend on our cognitive interest.] 1.1.2.4.2. NPc.-V{NUM}adN{CLASS} bái-mǎ s n pǐ 白馬三匹 WHITE-HORSE THREE ITEM “of horses three items” *counted with postposed classifier construction* 1.1.2.5. Complex abstract nouns NPab Hu n g ng bù zhī rén-yì 桓公 不知仁義 HUAN DUKE NOT UNDERSTAND HUMANENESS-RECTI- TUDE “Duke Huán did not understand morality”. [NB: R n yì 仁義 cannot be counted by kinds, whereas dào 道 “way” can: kū y u èr dào 哭有二道 LAMENT EXIST TWO WAY “In lamenting there are two ways.”] 1.1.2.5.1. NPab.pr wú ch ng 無常 “ Impermanence (personified)” wú- cháng l i qi n yǐn 無常來牽引 LACK CONSTANT COME DRAG PULL “ Impermanence comes to drag them away.” *personified* 1.1.2.5.2. NPab.adN wǎng-xī shì 往昔世 BYGONE-BEFORE GEN- ERATIONS “generations of the past ” *modifying another noun* 1.1.2.5.3. NPab.adS gǔ-zhě y u èr y n ... 古者有二言 ... ANCIENT SUBJECT/WHICH/PRO EXIST TWO SPEAK:... “ in ancient times there were two sayings:...” *modifying a sentence*