Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 545  A Summary of Classical Chinese Analytic Syntax...   Clavis Syntactica 1. {Constituent} “functional unit in an expression” NOTE 1: In ti n xià r n HEAVEN BELOW PERSON 天下人 “the people of the world”, for example, xià r n BELOW PERSON 下人 is not taken to be a constituent and is not assigned any syntactic category. Note 2: Intra-syllabic constituents such as what is currently recon- structed as an old Chinese final -s in wàng 王 “rule as king/ruling as a king” versus w ng 王 “king” are not considered as syntactic but as part of the mor- phology of the language. 1.1. N Nominal constituent of any kind or complexity yì 義 “righteousness” (more specifically: nab ), Yáo 堯 “(Emperor) Yáo” (more specifically npr ), g dài 古代 “antiquity” (more specifically NP ), g dài shèng r n 古代聖人 “sages of antiquity” (also an NP ), shí Y o 十堯 “ten (emperors) Yáo” (another NP ) etc. 1.1.1. Monosyllabic nominal constituent n r n 人 “person” which is taken as a count noun ( nc ). Shuǐ 水 “water” is taken as a mass noun ( nm ), as will be seen below. Be patient! 1.1.1.1. Predicative noun n{PRED} suī lín bù dú y 雖鄰不覿也 EVEN IF NEIGHBOUR NOT VISIT MODAL/PARTye “Even if they were neighbours he would not visit them”. 1.1.1.2. Count noun nc ( short: n ) y u rén 有人 EXIST PERSON “There was a person...” [NB: s n r n 三人 is “three persons” and not “three kinds of persons”, whereas sì mín 四民 FOUR PEOPLE would be “four kinds of people”]. 1.1.1.2.1. nc.post-V{NUM} s n rén 三人 THREE PERSON “three per- sons ” *preceded and in construction with a number verbal* [NB: Note that numbers are taken to be verbal, as shown in our systematic account of nume- rals. The syntactic category of count nouns nc that are not only countable but actually found to be actually counted may not seem to be an interesting one. However, it is found convenient as a place to register the ethnography of actual counting practice in ancient China. What determines the introduction of this category is not its intrinsic grammatical importance, but rather our philological interest in understanding and — for this purpose — our interest in systemati- cally registering ancient Chinese counting practice. It is important to keep in mind that some of the categories below are established for reasons other than purely grammatical or even purely linguistic. The kind of linguistics presented here aims to serve philology in a broader than purely linguistic sense.] 1.1.1.3. Mass noun: nm y u shuǐ 有水 EXIST WATER “There is wa- ter .” [NB: Shuǐ 水 “river” is, of course, nc because rivers are counted by