Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 542    Christoph Harbsmeier The label S , then, refers to verbal expressions (and occasionally expres- sions with a predicative nominal head or grammaticalised exclamations) which contain an explicit or an implicit subject, or which are feature-pla- cing and therefore logically subjectless. So far I have found that whereas many sentences in general are nominal, embedded sentences have a strong tendency to be verbal so that wherever our formulae say S it would probab- ly be strictly correct to replace this by VS for “verbal expression with an explicit or implicit subject”). This area, like everything else, needs much further study. Suffixes are analysed as particles p which modify a preceding verbal or nominal constituent: ppostadN , as in nǚ zǐ 女子 “woman”, and more clearly in the modern jù zǐ 句子 “phrase” (which, of course, is not attested in pre-Buddhist Chinese). ppostadV , as in shàn zāi 善哉 GOOD PARTICLE/ZAI “good!” ppostadV.adN shàn zāi wèn hū 善哉問乎 GOOD PARTICLE/ZAI ASK PARTICLE/HU “good question” Reconstructed suffixes within syllables are analysed separately within the context of the reconstruction systematic historical phonology. Basic simplex sentence types Current simplex sentence types in classical Chinese are the following: A. Verbal Sentence Types: 《 VpostN{SUBJ} 》 (unmarked verbal sentence with an explicit subject), e. g. w ng b ng 王崩 KING DIE “The king died.¨ 《 V-p.postN{SUBJ} 》 (marked verbal sentence with an explicit sub- ject), e. g. qī sǐ yǐ 妻死矣 WIFE DIE PERFECTIVE-PARTICLE “The wife has died!" 《 V0 》 (verbal sentence consisting of a logically subjectless verb) e. g. y 雨 RAIN “it was raining”. 《 V(0) 》 (verbal sentence with an implicit contextually retrievable sub- ject), e. g. r n 然 BE-SO”(This) is so.” Chinese the contrastive stress reading of this sentence has to be expressed by a nomi- nal sentence with Confucius as the predicative nominal, as in the English The one who compiled the Analects was Confucius: *zuò Chūn qiū zh k ngzǐ y 作春秋者孔子也 . CREATE SPRING-AUTUMN/ANNALS THE/SUBJECT/WHICH/PRO CONFUCIUS MODAL/PART “The author of the annals was Confucius."