Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 541  A Summary of Classical Chinese Analytic Syntax...   padS1.adS2 , e. g. rú shàng zūn z mín cóng 如上尊則民從 IF ABOVE > RULER HONOUR THEN PEOPLE FOLLOW>OBEY “ If the ruler is honoured then the people will obey. PPadv_1.post-v_2 , e. g. s n sī rán hòu xíng 三思然後行 THREE RE- FLECT AND AFTERWARDS ACT “reflected three times on things and only then acted. vpostS1.adS2 , e. g. liù z w n yǐ , jí shí fó yì 六祖聞已，即識佛意 SIX PATRIARCH HEAR FINISH , THEN FAMILIAR BUDDHA THOUGHT “ When the Sixth Patriarch had heard this he was familiar with the Buddha’s thought.” [NB: This construction first becomes current in Buddhist Chinese.] Sentences are analysed syntactically as -strictly speaking — VPs or NP{PRED}s which function sententially, often but not always with sub- jects, or as (always subjectless) non-negatable concatenations of parti- cles PP0{PRED}. Sentences are analysed as verb phrases VP typically with an explicit sub- ject (as in w ng b ng 王崩 KING DIE “The king died.”) or with implicit subjects (as in b ng 崩 DIE "(He/the king) died.”), or as a subjectless verb vi0 (as in y 雨 “it is raining”) or as a subjectless verb phrase VPi0 yù (sic!) xu 雨雪 “it is raining snow > snowing”. In other cases they are analysed as predicative noun phrases NP{PRED} with explicit subjects (as in K ngzǐ shèng r n y 孔子聖人也 CONFUCIUS SAGE HUMAN MODAL/PART “Confucius is a sage.”) or with implicit subjects (as in 聖人也 SAGE HUMAN MODAL/PART “(He) is a sage”). Non-negatable “grammaticalised” phrases like wū hū 嗚呼 “Alas!” form a class of subjectless sentential expressions PP0{PRED} that are sui generis . The lexicalised use of a VP as a sentence can be made explicit by the formula VP{S} , and the lexicalised use of an NP as a sentence can be made explicit by the formula NP{S}. The head of a verbal sentence is the main verb in it. The head of a nominal sentence is the main predicative nominal in it. A construction with a verbal head counts as verbal. A construction with a nominal head counts as nominal. Whether or not there is a subject or topic does not affect this structural fact. Subjects as well as topics, like adverbs, are non-main constituents, they are not the heads of the constructions they occur in 1 . 1 Contrastive stress in English, as in Confucius compiled the Annals , which converts the stressed noun Confucius into the main predication of the sentence: “It was Con- fucius who compiled the Analects”, does not appear to constitute a correct reading of a corresponding classical Chinese sentence K ngzǐ zuò chūnqiū 孔子作春秋 CONFU- CIUS MAKE SPRING-AUTUM/ANNALS “Confucius made the Annals”. In classical