Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 501  The Eastern Himalayan Corridor in Prehistory   guistic phylum [van Driem 2008: Figure 22]. A migration route from Cen- tral Asia across Beringia to the Americas is suggested by the phylogeny of the Y chromosomal haplogroup Q (M242). The ancestral paternal lineage of the Americans is still is found in high frequency in the Yenisseians, and the movement across Siberia to Beringia must have taken place before the Y chromosomal haplogroup N moved north. The Y chromosomal haplo- group Q (M242) established itself as the predominant paternal lineage of the Americas, most probably in a single migration process, with the bottleneck of geography conditioning the resultant genetic bottleneck. The Q1a3a1 (M3) mutation specific to the Americas only arose after the initial colonisa- tion of the New World and, as populations moved south, this new lineage overwhelmingly came to replace the ancestral lineages Q1a (MEH2) and Q1b (L275), which are still most prevalent in Central Asia and northeast- ern Siberia. The coalescence times for the haplogroups in question is com- patible with conventional archaeological wisdom that the Americas were uninhabited before the Clovis culture, and that men bearing the paternal lineage Q (M242) were also the bearers of the first Clovis projectile points into the heart of North America [Zegura et al . 2003; Seielstad et al . 2003; Schnurr 2004; Rootsi et al . 2007; Karafet et al . 2009a; Malyarchuk et al . 2011; Reguiero et al . 2013]. Figure 21. The counterclockwise spread of the paternal lineage N (M231), based on [Rootsi et al. 2007]