Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 497  The Eastern Himalayan Corridor in Prehistory   east Asia, whereas the incidence of haplogroup O3a3b (M7) in Austroasiatic communities of the Indian subcontinent is undetectably low. On the other hand, the incidence of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2a amongst the Hmong- Mien appears to indicate a slightly more modest Austroasiatic paternal con- tribution to Hmong-Mien populations than vice versa . As the Hmong-Mien moved eastward, the bearers of haplogroup O2b (M176) likewise continued to move east. Even further east, the O1 (M119) paternal lineage gave rise to the O1a (M119) subclade, which moved from the Pearl River drainage eastward to the Mǐn river drainage in the hill tracts of Fújiàn and across the strait to Formosa, which consequently became the Urheimat of the Austronesians, cf. [Abdulla et al . 2009]. Back west in the eastern Himalayas, the bearers of Y chromosomal haplogroup O3a3c (M134) expanded eastward into Sìchuān and Yúnnán, north and northwest across the Tibetan plateau as well as westward into the Himalayas and southward into the Indo-Burmese borderlands. In the west and south, the early Tibeto- Burmans encountered Austroasiatics, who had preceded them. If we assume a linguistic dispersal in which languages were spread by populations in which a particular paternal lineage was dominant, as outlined in the scenario above, then the Malayo-Polynesian expansion via the Phil- ippines into insular Southeast Asia must have entailed the introduction of Austronesian by bearers of the Y chromosomal haplogroup O1a (M119) to resident communities, in which an originally Austroasiatic paternal lineage O2a (M95) was and would remain dominant even after linguistic assimila- tion, and other older paternal lineages also persisted [Karafet et al . 2005; Li et al . 2008]. Similarly, Malagasy is linguistically clearly Austronesian, but genetically the Malagasy trace both their maternal and paternal ancestries equally to Borneo and to the African mainland [Hurles et al . 2005]. The ancestral Trans-Himalayan or Tibeto-Burman paternal lineage O3a3c (M134) spread from the eastern Himalayas in a northeasterly direction across East Asia to the North China plain. Subsequently, at a far shallower time depth, the Tibeto-Burman paternal lineage O3a3c (M134) spread from the Yellow River basin into what today is southern China, beginning with the Hàn expansion southward during the Qín dynasty in the third century bc . The ancestral Tibeto-Burman paternal lineage O3a3c (M134) is intrusively pre- sent in the Korean peninsula and beyond, although Uralo-Siberian popula- tions such as the Evenki of course predominantly bear the paternal lineage N. The distribution map of major Trans-Himalayan linguistic subgroups shows the centre of linguistic phylogenetic diversity to be rooted squarely in the eastern Himalayas, with outliers trailing off towards the loess plains of the Yellow River basin in the northeast. This geographical projection of Trans-