Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 496  George van Driem   We can identify the O2b (M176) lineage with the Yayoi people, who introduced rice agriculture to Japan, perhaps a early as the second millen- nium bc , during the final phase of the Jōmon period [Tanaka et al . 2004; Hammer et al . 2006]. The Yayoi appear also to have introduced other crops of continental inspiration to the Japanese archipelago such as millet, wheat and melons. Along the way followed by their ancestors northward toward the Korean peninsula, the earliest attested domestic millet dates from be- fore 6000 BC at 興隆溝 Xīngl ngg u near 赤峰 Chìf ng , where a Neolithic culture without sickles has been described [Zhào 2005]. The gracile Yayoi immigrants soon outnumbered the more robust and less populous Jōmon, who had been the first anatomically modern humans to populate Japan. The presence of Y chromosomal haplogroup O2b and other O haplogroups in Japan is more recent, but accounts for more than half of all Japanese pater- nal lineages, with their highest frequencies in Kyūshū. The Y chromosomal haplogroup N is present only as a marginal paternal clade in Japan. If we assume that the paternal lineage N represents a marker for Altaic, then this vestige may be the tenuous genetic trace of the population who once bore an Altaic language to the Japanese archipelago which eventually evolved into modern Japanese. At the dawn of the Holocene in the southeastern Himalayas and the eas- tern declivity of the Tibetan plateau, haplogroup O3 (M122) gave rise to the ancestral Trans-Himalayan or Tibeto-Burman paternal lineage O3a3c (M134) and the original Hmong-Mien paternal lineage O3a3b (M7). The bearers of the polymorphism O3a3c (M134) stayed behind in the area com- prising northeastern India, southeastern Tibet and northern Burma, whilst the bearers of the O3a3b (M7) lineage migrated eastward to settle in the areas south of the Yangtze. On their way, the early Hmong-Mien encountered the ancient Austroasiatics, from whom they adopted rice agriculture. The inti- mate interaction between ancient Austroasiatics and the early Hmong-Mien not only involved the sharing of knowledge about rice agriculture techno- logy, but also left a genetic trace in the high frequencies of haplogroup O2a (M95) in today’s Hmong-Mien and of haplogroup O3a3b (M7) in today’s Austroasiatic populations. On the basis of these Y chromosomal haplogroup frequencies, [Cai et al . 2011: 8] observed that Austroasiatics and Hmong-Mien ‘are closely re- lated genetically’ and ventured to speculate about ‘a Mon-Khmer origin of Hmong-Mien populations’. It would be more precise to infer that the in- cidence of haplogroup O3a3b (M7) in Austroasiatic language communities of Southeast Asia indicates a significant Hmong-Mien paternal contribution to the early Austroasiatic populations whose descendants settled in South-