Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 492  George van Driem   [Schendel 2002] in an obscure paper, one of the aims of which was to criti- cise the traditional areal disciplines in the humanities against the background of the organisational reshuffling within Dutch universities that was going on at the time, as perennially dictated from The Hague. The term Zomia was popularised by [Scott 2009], who attributes the ethnolinguistic diversity of the eastern Himalayan highlands to a tendency of ethnic minorities to head for the hills to escape the central authority of nation states. Certainly, com- munities have at times in the course of history fled to escape being subdued and enslaved by powerful polities, but historical linguistics and population genetics show us that the ethnolinguistic diversity of the eastern Himalayan region is of hoary antiquity, whilst the emergence of nation states is com- paratively recent 1 . In stark contrast to the political anthropologists’ idyll of 1 Though of little utility for understanding Asia’s ethnolinguistic diversity, Scott’s romantic fantasy about Zomia can be understood in terms of his palpable distaste for what [Weber 1919] called the ‘Gewaltsmonopol des Staates’, a concept already implicit in the writings of [Hobbes 1651]. [Toynbee 1976] described the earliest governments as arising when parasitic non-agricultural bands of brigands with superior weaponry or at least greater ruthlessness stumbled upon the idea of extorting a tax from seden- tary agricultural populations in exchange for ‘protection’. [Bodin 1573] pointed out that the principle of ‘might makes right’ essentially constitutes the difference between Figure 17. After the Last Glacial Maximum, the Y chromosomal haplogroup O (M175) split into the subclades O1 (M119), O2 (M268) and O3 (M122). Bearers of the O2 (M268) paternal lineage domesticated Asian rice