Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 491  The Eastern Himalayan Corridor in Prehistory   One migration from Formosa gave rise to the Malayo-Polynesian expan- sion into insular Southeast Asia, Oceania and parts of peninsular Southeast Asia, whereas another migration led back to the South China mainland, where it gave rise to Kradai or Daic 1 . On the North China Plain, a second group, the ‘Yangtzeans’, split off and moved south and settle along the Yang- tze, where they shifted from millet to rice agriculture. The Yangtzeans in turn later split up into the first Austroasiatic language communities, reflected in the Kūnmíng Neolithic of 4000 bc , and the Hmong-Mien, who appear in re- corded history in what today is Húběi and northern Húnán as the Chŭ polity (770–223 bc ) which challenged the Eastern Zhōu. Finally, somewhere in the central Yellow River basin, a third descendant group of East Asian remained. This third family was Tibeto-Burman. In Starosta’s conception, Tibeto-Bur- man split into Sino-Bodic, which he associated with the Yăngsháo Neolithic of 5800 bc , and Himalayo-Burman, which he associated with the Dàdìwān Neolithic in Gānsù 6500 bc . 6. The population genetics of East Asian language families The two paternal lineages N and O may have split up in the greater eas- tern Himalayan region. The highest frequency of the ancestral N* (M231) is still found in northern Burma, Yúnnán and Sìchuān, whilst the fraternal clade O appears to be a marker for the linguistic ancestors of the hypothetical East Asian linguistic phylum, comprising Kradai, Austronesian, Tibeto-Burman, Hmong-Mien and Austroasiatic. The evidence for refugia in southeastern Tibet suggests a possible putative point of origin for the expansion of the paternal lineage O. Whilst it remains a matter of speculation at this point whether or not the Tibetan plateau could have harboured refugia hospitable to human habitation during the Last Glacial Maximum, the entire southeast- ern and eastern declivity of High Asia furnishes numerous possible points of origin for paternal haplogroup O. Populations bearing the Y chromosomal O haplogroups colonised southeastern Eurasia, probably beginning from a locus in the eastern Himalayas. [Xue et al . 2006] speculate that the popula- tion expansion involved feeding on tubers as the climate warmed, but the early domestication of crops no doubt played a role for some subset of these ancient populations. In some anthropological circles, it has recently become fashionable to refer to this eastern portion of highland Asia, comprising northeastern India, northern Burma, Yúnnán and Sìchuān, as ‘Zomia’. This term was coined by 1 See footnote on p. 479.