Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 477  The Eastern Himalayan Corridor in Prehistory   Whilst the linguistic event horizon is an epistemological boundary be- yond which historical linguistics by the comparative method is not equipped to venture, the discrete linguistic phyla recognised by linguists are them- selves likely to represent the result of bottlenecks in linguistic prehistory. Not only were Palaeolithic human populations small in size, but the effec- tive population size of any new paternal clade must have been smaller yet. Related and relevant to the phenomenon of bottlenecks, whether linguistic or genetic, is the phenomenon of Ice Age refugia. Perhaps the earliest attesta- tion of the term ‘refugium’ used in the sense of an isolated non-glacial habitat during the Ice Age was by Canadian palynologist [Heusser 1955]. Recent phylogeographic studies [Stewart and Stringer 2012; Parducci et al . 2012] suggest that southern Tibet and the southeastern Himalayas could have harboured refuge areas for various organisms during the Last Glacial Maximum. Recent genetic studies on endemic species show that the prev- alence of private haplotypes restricted to single populations could not all have evolved locally in just 14,000 years. Rather, the observed genetic di- versity appears to reflect the fragmentation of once more widespread hap- lotypes before their isolation in refugia on the Tibetan plateau and in the Himalayas during the Last Glacial Maximum. Studies of private haplotypes of scattered juniper groves [Opgenoorth et al . 2010] and endemic edaphous Figure 6. The split-up of paternal lineage K into the haplogroups L (M20), M (M106), NO (M214), P (M45), Q (M242), R (M207), S (M230) and T (M272)