Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 475  The Eastern Himalayan Corridor in Prehistory   mitochondrial haplogroup R30 and the Y chromosomal haplogroup D2 to the archipelago. The paternal subclade D2 is specific to Japan, but im- mediately related to this clade are the ancient D lineages preserved on the Andaman Islands and in the Himalayan region. The highest frequency of D is retained in Japan amongst the Ainu and the Ryūkyūan populations [Hammer et al . 2006], and this paternal lineage accounts for over a third of Japanese paternal lineages. Both the mitochondrial lineage R30 and the Y chromosomal haplogroup D2 indicate that this first wave of peopling of Japan originated in the Indian subcontinent at a time depth of perhaps 25,000 years ago. The paternal haplogroup C is represented as a minor lineage in Japan in a frequency of over 8%. These ancient lineages appear to represent the first wave of peopling of Japan, and the culture of their bearers later surfaced in the archaeological record from the tenth millen- nium bc onward as the mesolithic Jōmon. The Jōmon people were adept ancient potters who subsisted on hunting and coastal foraging and may have practised rudimentary forms of plant husbandry. The Ainu language probably represents a linguistic legacy of the original Jōmon population. The paternal lineages C and D, representing vestiges of this early wave of Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers, have also been preserved on the Korean peninsula [Jin et al . 2009] The distinct waves of peopling reaching Japan are equally reflected in the maternal lineages. Mitochondrial haplogroup M7 has a southern dis- tribution in East Asia, especially in the Yellow Sea littoral. Its daughter groups M7a and M7b2, specific to Japanese and Korean populations, at- test to an ancient contribution to the modern Japanese mitochondrial DNA pool. The estimated coalescence times for the subclades M7a, M7b, and M7c range between 6,000 and 18,000 years. This date suggests either that these star-like clades reflect a resettlement process around the Sea of Japan from the south after the Last Glacial Maximum, contemporary with the spread of microblades of the Suyanggae type and before the onset of the Jōmon culture, or that M7a and M7b entered Japan during initial settlement over 30,000 years ago and underwent a genetic bottleneck at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. By contrast, the mitochondrial haplogroups A5, B5, C, F1a, N9a, and Z, which are shared between Koreans and Japanese and virtually absent in Ryūkyūans and in the Ainu, testify to later migra- tions through the Korean peninsula to Japan, probably during the Yayoi agricultural intrusion 2,300 years ago. The presence of the mitochondrial lineage Y1 amongst the Ainu testifies to the migration of Siberian popu- lations to the Japanese archipelago from the north [Kivisild et al . 2002; Tanaka et al . 2004].