Проблемы китайского и общего языкознания. К 90-летию С. Е. Яхонтова

 473  The Eastern Himalayan Corridor in Prehistory   lations around the Indian Ocean shows long-term isolation after initial set- tlement. Genomic evidence has also been detected for some secondary gene flow at the time of the Sahul land bridge between New Guinea and Australia some 8,000 years ago. [Huxley 1870] once proposed a link between populations of India and the ‘Australoid type’. However, the impressionism of early physical anthropolo- gy based on the phenotypical observations contrasts somewhat with the lack of uniquely shared haplogroups between India andAustralia. Yet this is not to deny that the ancestors of the Australians must at one point in the distant past have passed through the Indian subcontinent and lived there for generations. Does the linguistic picture record for us where the maritime migration of the first Australians made landfall? Seven-eighths of the continent is covered by Pama-Nyungan languages, whilst the northwestern region of Australia shows a diversity of language families, marking this area as the probable hearth for the peopling of the Australian continent. The set of ancestral Y chromosomal haplogroups CT (M168) encompass- es a myriad of modern paternal lineages which first emerged from Africa in Palaeolithic times, first branching into the paternal lineages DE (YAP) and CF (P143). The paternal lineage DE (YAP) split into haplogroups D and E. The paternal lineage D might even have originated in the Himalayan region, where this haplogroup is still represented in the highest diversity, particularly in Nepal and Tibet. This paternal lineage migrated southward to the Anda- mans and eastward from the eastern Himalayas across the Tibetan plateau through what today is southern China, giving rise to the offspring clades D1 (M15), D2 (M55) and D3 (P47), and ultimately reaching the Japanese archi- pelago, where this paternal lineage is represented by the D2 (M55) subclade [Xue et al . 2006; Shi et al . 2008]. The mtDNA clades M31 and M32, specific to the Andaman Islands, also suggest a rapid Pleistocene dispersal along the Indian littoral with maritime expansion to the Andamans [Thangaraj et al . 2005, 2006b, 2006c; Tamang and Thangaraj 2012]. By contrast, the fraternal clade E remained principally in Africa, though this lineage also occurs at a very low frequency in western Eurasia as far as east as India and Central Asia (Figure 2) 1 . The other early Out of Africa paternal lineage CF (P143) gave rise to Y chromosomal haplogroup C (RPS4Y711) and a myriad of other haplo- groups characterised by the shared innovation M89, i.e. the paternal lineages 1 Such ancient African signatures must be distinguished from recent small migra- tions from Africa to the Indian subcontinent, such as the case of the Siddis [Shah et al . 2011].