Ближний Восток и его соседи

g 65 h The Odyssey of the Andalusian Conquerors of Crete... Mozarabs 17 The Christians who had become arabized without converting to Islam are known as Mozarabs from the Arabic word musta‘rib , which means “he who adopts the Arabic language and customs”. They enjoyed the rights of the dhim- mis , i. e. protected Christian and Jewish minorities in the Islamic countries. 18 They resided almost exclusively in the towns of Toledo, Cordoba, Seville and Merida, and played no special role during the reign of Ḥakam I, although the Mozarab inhabitants of Cordoba developed a certain spirit of rebelliousness which did not appear in the other cities of Spain. 19 Mawāli 20 (Clients) In the Islamic world the non-Arabs who embraced Islamwere called Mawāli . 21 Already from the time of the Arab conquest of Spain, a large number of Mawāli , known as Mawāli al-Baladiyūn , settled in Spain and a new wave of Mawāli were added called Mawāli al-Shāmiyūn . 22 With the coming of the Umayyads to Spain and the establishment of the Arab emirate of Cordoba (756–929), a number of other Mawāli arrived and gradually more of the indigenous population was added. 17 M. de Epalza, “Les mozarabes. État de la question”, Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée 63–64 (1992), 39–50. See also A. Anwar, “Arabs in Spain or Arabised Spaniards? A Deep Down Journey between Rejection and Acceptance of Nine Hundred Years (711–1614) of Arabo-Islamic Hybridisation”, in Entre Oriente y Occidente ciudades y viajeros en la edad media , ed. J. P. Monferrer-Sala and María Dolores Rodríguez Gómez, Granada 2005, 155–175, espe- cially p. 162: “…the term Mozarab has been used by both Arabists and Islamists to designate the Hispano-Christians under Hispano-Muslim rule in al-Andalus. However, in strict linguistic terms, all Arabised peoples can be called Mozarabs.” 18 M. Khadduri, War and Peace in the Law of Islam , Baltimore 1955, reprinted 1979, 175 ff. The Christians of Spain, as in most other places of dār al-Islām (area of Islam), had preserved their churches although new churches were rarely built; see J.-P. Molénat, “La place des chrétiens dans la Cordoue des Omeyyades, d’après leurs églises (VIIIe–Xe siècles”, Al-Qanṭara 33.1 (2012), 147–168. 19 M. Cecilio Díaz y Díaz , “Los mozárabes. Una minoría combativa”, in Existe un identidad mozárabe? Historia, lengua y cultura de los cristianos de al-Andalus (siglos IX-XII ) , ed. C. Aillet, M. Penelas and Ph. Roisse, Madrid 2008, 7 (article: 1–8). 20 Maribel Fierro, “Mawālī and Muwalladūn in al-Andalus (Second/Eighth — Fourth/Tenth Centuries)”, in Patronate and Patronage in Early and Classical Islam , ed. Monique Bernards and J. Nawas, Leiden 2005, 195–245; Dolores Oliver Pérez, “Árabes, maladíes y ‘maulas’”, in María Jesús Viguera Molins and Concepción Castillo Castillo (coord.), El esplendor de los Omeyas cor- dobeses, la civilización musulmana de Europa occidental , ed. Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura a través de la Fundación El Legado Andalusí, Granada 2001, 256–262. 21 Hitti, History of the Arabs , p. 172, n. 6, “Mawāli = a non-Arab embracing Islam and affiliating himself with an Arab tribe.” 22 For the number and settlement of those Mawāli see Ṭāha, The Muslim Conquest and Settle- ment of North Africa and Spain , 134 ff.