Ближний Восток и его соседи

g 63 h The Odyssey of the Andalusian Conquerors of Crete... Cordoba at the time of the emir H. akam (796–822). Rabad. , the suburb par excellence, the home of the founders of the emirate of Crete A century after the Arab conquest of Spain, the world-famous capital of the Umayyads of Spain, Cordoba ( Qurṭuba ), ruled by the emir of al-Andalus Ḥakam I (796–822), was passing through a turbulent period of transition. During this period, Cordoba’s unstable population was composed of various heterogeneous elements which, opposing each other, caused repeated uprisings. 7 The infamous emir Ḥakam I was not simply a person “addicted to chasing and wine” as Hitti characterized him, 8 but, paradoxically he was also a gifted orator and poet. 9 However, Ḥakam I’s appalling brutality force was demonstrated in the manner in which he crushed the uprising of 818 AD and utterly destroyed the district of Rabaḍ. It had been a picturesque suburb on the southern side of the Roman bridge over the Guidalquivir River, inhabited by a restless mixed popu- lation. A brief account of the diverse people of Cordoba in this period, before a gradual assimilation in later times, is necessary in order to trace the origin of the Andalusians who, after a long journey, would land on Byzantine Crete and dominate it until 961 AD. Muslim Arabs and Berbers Muslim Arabs and Muslim Berbers arrived and settled in Spain immedi- ately after its conquest. The early settlers, al-Baladiyūn , occupied large areas in Spain, and were followed by the Syrian newcomers, al-Shāmiyūn . From the beginning, constant feuds marred the coexistence of these groups while tribal fragmentation exacerbated the local unrest. There does not seem to be a logical explanation for the way the con- quered land of the defeated Visigoth Kingdom in Spain was distributed. The generally accepted view, expressed mainly by R. Dozy, is that the Muslim Arabs occupied the major towns and the most fertile areas and that they pushed the Berbers to the periphery, i. e. the barren plains of Mancha and Estremadora or the mountains of León, Galicia and Asturia. 10 This view has 112–135; see also J. M. Puerta Vilchez, “La monumentalidad y el sentido artistico de Qurtuba”, Awraq 7 (2013), 43–80. 7 Marianne Barrucand and A. Bednorz, Moorish Architecture in Andalusia , Cologne 1992, 31. 8 Ph. K. Hitti, History of the Arabs , tenth rev. ed., New York 2002, 512. 9 Ibn Ḥayyān, Crónica de los emires Alḥakam I y ‘Abdarraḥmān II entre los años 796 y 847 [Almuqtabis II-1] , trans. and ed. M. ‘Alī Makkī and F. Corriente, “Mención de las virtudes del emir Alḥakam, q.e.p.d.”, Zaragoza 2001, 126–128. 10 R. Dozy, Spanish Islam , English translation F. G. Stokes, from Histoire des Musulmans